research
Chapter 8 Notes
1. See https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-carbon-project-coronavirus-causes-record-
fall-in-fossil-fuel-emissions-in-2020.
2. See Hannah Ritchie (2020) - “Cars, planes, trains: where do CO2 emissions from
transport come from?” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from:
‘https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport’ [Online Resource].
3. See Raw Materials Information System (EU) https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
crms-in-strategic-sectors-and-technologies-e8c632.
4. See https://www.footprintnetwork.org/2021/11/22/ecobytes-why-do-some-countries-
have-lower-transportation-footprints-than-others.
5. See https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/well-to-wheel-ghg-intensity-of-
motorised-passenger-transport-modes-2022.
6. See Hannah Ritchie (2023), “Which form of transport has the smallest carbon
footprint?” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from:
https://ourworldindata.org/travel-carbon-footprint [Online Resource].
7. This great EPA resource allows you to compare models and check their fuel efficiency,
plus cost to the environment and your pocket! https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml.
8. EnergieSchweiz, Bundesamt für Energie BFE Faktenblatt – Update Februar 2020
“Umweltauswirkungen von Personenwagen — heute und morgen” Downloadable at 9460-EnergieSchweiz-Faktenblatt-Umweltauswirkungen_von_Personenwagen-
DE-Hyperlinks.pdf and mobitool.ch.
9. https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/are-electric-vehicles-definitely-better-climate-
10. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/learning/whats-going-on-in-this-graph-
climate-friendly-cars.html, with source https://www.carboncounter.com/#!/explore.
11. See https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231020305689 and
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07_
12. Cruise ships vary by size, services and fuel type, thus emissions. See more specifics: https://foe.org/cruise-report-card/ and https://theicct.org/marine-cruising-flying-may22/.
13. See http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2014.907397.
14. If this is important to you, we recommend learning more at https://www.pgim.com/
fixed-income/blog/environmental-and-social-trade-offs-electric-vehicles.
15. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/tires-unseen-plastic-polluter.
16. See https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-020-00333-6.
17. Try these car calculators: https://www.carboncounter.com/#!/explore or
https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml.
18. https://www.bakerrisk.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Biofuel-Series_
An-Introduction-to-Biofuels.pdf.
19. https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/90205/1/10.14233-ajchem.2019.22098.pdf.
20. See https://blogs.edf.org/energyexchange/2019/04/15/not-all-biogas-is-created-equal.
21. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0891-0.
22. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/clean-energy-green-hydrogen.
23. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/ea/d1ea00037c.
24. https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/global-environmental-impacts-
25. See https://maca.earth/ and https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/45vFactsheet.pdf.
26. https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle.
27. See https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935121000487.
28. https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2021/02/
deaths-fossil-fuel-emissions-higher-previously-thought.
29. EnergieSchweiz, Bundesamt für Energie BFE Faktenblatt – Update Februar 2020
“Umweltauswirkungen von Personenwagen — heute und morgen” Downloadable at 9460-EnergieSchweiz-Faktenblatt-Umweltauswirkungen_von_Personenwagen-
DE-Hyperlinks.pdf.
30. See https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-how-electric-vehicles-help-to-
31. https://travelandclimate.org gives a helpful per person comparison; you can visit our
website for other tools to help you do these calculations. Google™ Flight search even
offers CO2-eq information now!