Chapter 1 Notes
research
1. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries. We invite readers to look into this! It’s fascinating.
2. The original bathtub model was proposed by Dr. John Sternam in National Geographic’s December 2009 issue but is no longer accessible. The graphic is viewable on Climate Interactive here: https://climateinteractive.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/ngbathtub.jpg.
3. See https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/trends-in-global-co2-and-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2020-report, Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (No.20) “Greenhouse gas emissions” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions [Online Resource] See also:https://zenodo.org/records/10839859.
4. See https://css.umich.edu/publications/factsheets/climate-change/greenhouse-gases-factsheet.
5. See https://worldemissions.io/.
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. T.F. Stocker, et al.; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. See also: World Meteorological Organization (2020) WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, https://wmo.int/publication-series/wmo-greenhouse-gas-bulletin-no-20.
7. See https://climateinteractive.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/ngbathtub.jpg.
8. See https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674927818300376.
9. See https://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/2013/07/03/how-much-co2-can-the-oceans-take-up/.
10. See https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2915/the-atmosphere-getting-a-handle-on-carbon-dioxide/.
11. See https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/resources/frequently-asked-questions/. Comprehensive scientific assessment reports are published every 5 to 7 years. The IPCC is currently in its seventh assessment cycle, which formally began in July 2023.
12. See https://globalcarbonbudget.org.
13. A helpful video is https://youtu.be/L0DTQJcS8WQ from https://global-tipping-points.org.
14. See https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2016.00092/full.
15. See https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/ . See also: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-can-now-blame-individual-natural-disasters-on-climate-change/ , https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/3/bams-d-18-0194.1.xml and https://www.pnas.org/content/117/22/11975.
16. See https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/.
17. See http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ChancelPiketty2015.pdf.
18. See https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020.
20. See https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.
21. See https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/faq/faq-chapter-1/.
22. See https://www.unep.org/interactives/emissions-gap-report/2023/.
23. See https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/consumption-co2-per-capita?tab=table&country=~USA ,“Data Page: Per capita consumption-based CO2 emissions”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (2023) “CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions”. Data adapted from Global Carbon Project, various sources. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/consumption-co2-per-capita [online resource], and https://www.ipsos.com/en/ipsos-perils-perception-climate-change.
25. These 42 countries are Slovakia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Kazakhstan, Israel, Ireland, Finland, Russia, Netherlands, Slovenia, Japan, Austria, Germany, Czechia, Estonia, Mongolia, North America, Hong Kong, Bahrain, Taiwan, Australia, Canada, South Korea, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Trinidad and Tobago, Oman, United States, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, Malta, Brunei, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Singapore. See 2021 data from: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/consumption-co2-per-capita?tab=table&time=earliest..2021.
26. See https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/consumption-co2-per-capita-vs-gdppc?tab=map, licensed under CC BY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
27. See https://www.ipsos.com/en/ipsos-perils-perception-climate-change.
28. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment.
29. See https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhouse-effect-101.
30. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%3D_PAT.
31. See Bastian Herre, Fiona Spooner and Max Roser (2013), “Homicides,” Published online at OurWorldInData.org, United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2023); Gapminder (2015) – with major processing by Our World in Data, and Max Roser and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2016), “Literacy,” Published online at OurWorldInData.org, https://ourworldindata.org/literacy#literacy-rates-around-the-world-from-the-15th-century-to-now-max-roserref, Max Roser and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2018) - “Literacy” Published online at OurWorldInData.org.
32. See Oxford English Dictionary.
33. See https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589/pdf.
34. See https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00842-z.
35. The most recent Swiss per capita consumer Carbon Footprint from 2015 is reported as 14 metric tons of CO2-eq per year, in this BAFU report: https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/wirtschaft-konsum/publikationen-studien/publikationen/umwelt-fussabdruecke-der-schweiz.html.
36. See https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/mb-extreme-carbon-inequality-021215-en.pdf.
37. See https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html.
40. See https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/16/is-it-too-late-to-prevent-climate-change/.
41. See https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/how-climate-works/some-greenhouse-gases-are-stronger-others.
42. 2022 Data. See https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases.
43. The lifetime of the greenhouse gas remaining in the atmosphere is important since there is a cumulative effect caused by past emissions. In other words, some greenhouse gases emitted tens of years ago, or even 100 years ago, can still significantly affect our climate today. See, https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/Global-Warming-Potential-Values%20%28August%202024%29.pdf.
44. See https://flo.uri.sh/visualisation/10196225/embed?auto=1.
45. 2018 Data. See https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/Documents/201812011644---WMO%20ghg-bulletin_14_en.pdf.
46. According to reports, the natural methane removal process by hydroxyl radicals might be slowing due to forest fires (carbon monoxide) which means it will stay in our atmosphere even longer. See https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31345-w.pdf.
47. See https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07.pdf.
48. See https://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/NF3-Amendment_052213.pdf.
49. See https://bit.ly/3XES3VC (automatic download).
51. See https://tomorrow.city/a/paris-the-15-minute-city.
52. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativity_bias.
53. See https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
54. See https://www.un.org/en.